Which of the following represents the primary types of orthodontic forces?

The primary types of orthodontic forces are represented by tipping, bodily movement, rotation, and intrusion/extrusion, which are fundamental concepts in orthodontics. Each of these forces plays a crucial role in the movement of teeth and the overall effectiveness of orthodontic treatment.

Tipping refers to the tilting of a tooth around its center of resistance, which is essential during the initial stages of tooth movement. Bodily movement involves the entire tooth moving in its socket without significant tipping, a desired outcome for achieving proper alignment. Rotation is the movement of a tooth around its long axis, allowing orthodontists to correct misaligned teeth efficiently. Intrusion and extrusion pertain to the vertical movement of teeth; intrusion involves moving a tooth down into the alveolar bone while extrusion pulls it up, crucial for aligning teeth to the occlusal plane or achieving specific esthetic outcomes.

In contrast, the other options include terms that do not accurately represent the force types recognized in orthodontics. For example, options that mention pulling, pushing, or aligning do not depict the specific biomechanical movements used clinically. Understanding these primary forces is vital for orthodontic practitioners to plan and execute treatment effectively.